Everything about Messenia totally explained
Messenia or
Messinia (Μεσσηνία) is a
prefecture in the
Peloponnese, a region of
Greece. Messenia is bounded on the east by
Mount Taygetus, on the north by the
river Neda and the
Arcadian Mountains, and on the west and south by the
Mediterranean Sea, more specifically on the west by the
Ionian Sea, and on the south by the
Gulf of Messenia. The plain is bounded on the north by
Mt. Nomia (mod.
Tetrasi, 1,800 m, 5210 ft.) and other mountains, on the west by the mountains of Cyparissia (1,550 m, 4000 ft.) the southern continuation of which forms the peninsula of the Morea, attaining its greatest height in
Mt. Mathia (mod.
Lykódimo about 950 m, 3160 ft.), its current tallest point is
Taygetos located to the east. Off the south coast of this peninsula lie the three
Oenussae islands and the islet of
Theganussa (Venetikó). About less than half of the population live within
GR-7, in places from
Allagi to south of
Kalamata, along with the plain as the Kalamata-Messene metropolitan area, Peloponnese's third largest metropolitan city. Kalamata has an airport 5 km west of Kalamata. A harbor and port named from this city isn't far from the downtown, originally connected with train tracks. It is one of the largest waterfronts in the peninsula.
History
Ancient period
The earliest known inhabitants of Messenia are said to have been
Pelasgians and
Leleges, of whom the latter had their capital at
Andania. Then came an
Aeolo-Minyan immigration, which apparently extended to Messenia, though the
Pylos of
Nestor almost certainly lay in
Triphylia, and not at the site which in historic times bore that name. In the
Homeric poems eastern Messenia is represented as under the rule of
Menelaus of
Sparta, while the western coast is under the Neleids of
Pylos, but after Menelaus’s death the Messenian frontier was pushed eastwards as far as
Taygetus.
Excavations at
Pylos and
Nichoria have revealed for Messenia's late Bronze Age (1300s BC) a bureaucratic, agricultural kingdom ruled by the
wanax at Pylos. The Messenians spoke
Mycenaean Greek, and worshipped the Greek gods at local shrines like that at PA-KI-JA-NE (*Sphagianes). Later, Greeks agreed that a body of
Dorians under
Cresphontes invaded the country from Arcadia and taking as their capital
Stenyclarus in the northern plain, extended, first their suzerainty, and then their rule over the whole district. However, given that the Arcadian language is a direct and conservative descendent of Mycenaean Greek, it's more likely that the Dorians pushed the native Messenians into
Arcadia.
The task apparently proved an easy one, and the Dorians blending with the previous inhabitants produced an amalgamated Messenian tribe with a strong national feeling. However, the relative wealth of Messenia in fertile soil and favourable climate attracted the expansionistic neighbouring
Spartans. War broke out, it was said, as a result of the murder of the Spartan king
Teleclus by the Messenians - which, in spite of the heroism of
King Euphaes and his successor
Aristodemus ended in the subjection of Messenia to Sparta (c.
720 BC). Two generations later the Messenians revolted and under the leadership of
Aristomenes kept the Spartans at bay for some seventeen years (
648 BC—
631 BC, according to Grote). However, the stronghold of Ira (
Eira) fell after a siege of eleven years.
As the object of the Spartans was to increase the number of lots of land for their citizens, many of the conquered Messenians (those who didn't manage to leave the area) were reduced to the condition of
Helots. Servitude was hard, though their plight might have been harder, for they paid to their lords only one-half of the produce of the lands which they tilled. The Spartan poet
Tyrtaeus describes how the Messenians endured the insolence of the masters:
464 BC, when a severe earthquake destroyed Sparta and caused great loss of life. The insurgents defended themselves for some years on the rock-citadel of
Ithome, as they'd done in the first war; but eventually they'd to leave the
Peloponnese and were settled by the
Athenians at
Naupactus in the territory of the
Locri Ozolae. After the
Battle of Leuctra (
371 BC),
Epaminondas invited the exiled Messenians scattered in Italy, Sicily, Africa and elsewhere to return to their country. The city of
Messene was founded in
369 BC to be the capital of the country and, like
Megalopolis in Arcadia, became a powerful check on Sparta. Other towns, as well, were founded or rebuilt at this time, though a great part of the land still remained very sparsely populated. Although quite independent, Messenia never became really powerful or able to stand without external support.
After the fall of the
Theban power, to which it had owed its foundation, it became an ally of
Philip II of Macedon and took no part in the battle of
Chaeronea (
338 BC). Subsequently it joined the
Achaean League, and we find Messenian troops fighting along with the Achaeans and
Antigonus Doson at
Sellasia in
222 BC.
Philip V sent Demetrius of Pharos to seize Messene, but the attempt failed and cost the life of Demetrius. Soon afterwards the Spartan tyrant
Nabis succeeded in taking the city, but was forced to retire by the timely arrival of Philopoemen and the Megalopolitans. A war afterwards broke out with the Achaean League, during which
Philopoemen was captured and put to death by the Messenians (
183 BC), but
Lycortas took the city in the following year, and it again joined the
Achaean League, though much weakened by the loss of
Abia,
Thuria and
Pherae, which broke loose from it and entered the League as independent members.
In
146 BC, the Messenians, together with the other states of Greece, were brought directly under Roman sway by L.
Mummius. For centuries there had been a dispute between Messenia and Sparta about the possession of the Ager Dentheliales on the western slope of Taygetus: after various decisions by Philip of Macedon, Antigonus, Mummius, Caesar, Antony, Augustus and others, the question was settled in
25 by
Tiberius and the
Senate in favour of the Messenians (Tac. Ann. iv. 43). In
395 AD, the Roman Empire was split into the
East and the
Western Roman Empire and Messenia was ruled by the East and was later known as the
Byzantine Empire, it was later invaded by the
Slavs.
Medieval period
In the
Middle Ages, Messenia shared the fortunes of the rest of the Peloponnese. Striking reminders of these conflicts are afforded by the extant ruins of the medieval strongholds of Kalamata, Coron (anc. Asine, mod. Korone), Modon (Methone) and Pylos. Messenia was a part of the
Frankish Empire.
Ottoman and Venetian period
Much of Messenia fell into the hands of the
Ottoman Turks, a part of the area remained with the
Venetian Republic and a whole shortly in the mid to late-
15th century. Again in the
1680s, the whole of Messenia was part of the Venetian Republic again before being ruled again by the Ottomans in the
1730s. Messenia didn't became Greek until the
Greek War of Independence of
1821 and several months and years later was liberated by the Greeks. One of the most famous battles was the
Battle of Navarino which took place in the middle of the war and defeated its Turkish fleets. The
Mani Peninsula, a part of modern Messenia, was autonomous from Turkish rule due to the fact that it had no harbors.
From the Greek War of Independence until World War II
Messenia had improved its economy including its agriculture in the first years of the modern country of Greece. It was later connected by rail (
OSE's
SPAP line and four highways. Emigration to the
United States and later larger towns and cities including
Athens also began slowly. The prefecture later included the Ionian Islands of
Sapientza and
Schiza.
Modern period
After
World War II and the
Greek Civil War, most of its buildings were rebuilt. Emigration increased and later included much of
North America and
Australia and later western
Europe and slowed down in the
1980s and continues in villages. The population in the area of Kalamata and Messene boomed from 30,000 before the war up to nearly 80,000 in the present day.
The highway bypassed Messene in the
1970s. In
1999, the construction of the GR-7 was opened and added an interchange in the mid-
2000s with the GR-9. The Ministry of Transportation will extend the bypass with two lanes downward to Kalamata with the bypass that opened in
2004, it length will be approximately 30 km, the section will open as early as
2012. The next construction program is uncertain with the exception of the possible proposal of the GR-9A from Kalo Neri to the GR-7 connecting the GR-9 which the date is unset. The eastern portion is bypassed and features an interchange.
On Thursday
July 26,
2007, the central part of the prefecture was strucked by a small fire that consumed several forests, groves and farms and ruined a part of its economy. Some houses were destroyed in villages that are built in a valley. The fire lasted into
July 28. Nearly a month later, another fire ravaged the northeastern portion of the prefecture and consumed villages in the Taygetos ranges. It lasted from
August 26 to
August 27 and ruined many bushes, it didn't affect southwest into the GR-9A Junction due to low winds and cooler weather. Firefighters along with airplanes, fire trucks and choppers battled the blaze, most of its water came from
Lake Taka. Another natural disaster became earthquakes (see
Earthquakes in Greece), a high medium earthquake ravaged and shook the entire prefecture, it measured at 6.6 on the
Richter scale on Thursday
February 14,
2008. Kalamata and Methoni became dangerous places as damages were rarely reported, they were nearly on high alert which brought panic to Messinia. Messinia wasn't to escape the earthquakes but they were to be lighter,
Anthoni was battered by a
February 26 earthquake that measured around 5.5 and another on Thursday
February 28 that battered Methoni and caused only minor damages on these two earthquakes, some of its old houses were damaged from it. Messinia didn't escape the quakes once again, four earthquakes battered portions of the prefecture near Methoni, all measured around 4 on the Richter scale, all of these occurred at the sea which relieved most of the shakiness.
Today, Messenia forms a prefecture with its capital at
Kalamata.
Climate
Climate may vary, in the lowlands, temperatures are a bit warmer than
Athens. Snow isn't common during winter months except for the mountains especially the Taygetus. Rain and clouds are common inland. For one day in
July 2000, morning temperatures were at the 37°C point in many areas.
Transport
There are four major highways in Messenia:
- Greek National Road 7, N, Cen.
- Greek National Road 9, NW, W, SW
- Greek National Road 9A, NW, N
- Greek National Road 82, SW, Cen., E
Population
| Year |
Population |
Density |
| 1991 |
167,292 |
- 56/km² |
| 2001 |
172,875 |
57.7/km² |
Communications
Television
Notioi Elliniki Teleorasi, (Southern Greece Television)
Municipalities and communities
See also: List of settlements in the Messenia prefecture
Islands
Venetiko, southeast
Sapientza
Schiza, southwest. In April 19, 1991, an AB205 crashed on the island, no deaths were reported
Sphagia/Sfagia
Provinces
Province of Kalamata - Kalamata
Province of Messene - Messene
Province of Pylia - Pylos
Province of Tryfilia - KyparissiaFurther Information
Get more info on 'Messenia'.
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